This week’s portion, Bo, describes the last three plagues: locusts, darkness and the slaying of all the firstborn of Egypt. Is it conceivable that Pharaoh’s stiff-necked, self-destructive behavior, so vividly portrayed in the story of the plagues, could be interpreted in such a way as to actually have lessons for ourselves? I mean ourselves both collectively, as the Children of Israel, and individually, as, for example, yourself. Is there any interpretative move within the rabbinic tradition that would permit us to see this as applying to ourselves?

The conventional translation of the opening sentence of Bo is: “And the Lord said unto Moses: ‘Go in unto Pharaoh; for I have hardened his heart.’”

But bo means “come.” And the word hichbad’ti traditionally translated as “hardened,” literally means “made heavy.” So a more literal translation would have God saying, “Come to Pharaoh, because I have made his heart heavy.”

Forwarding the News

Thoughtful, balanced reporting from the Forward and around the web, bringing you updated news and analysis each day.

Terms(Required)

I agree to the Forward's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Email(Required)

Under this translation, God is saying to Moses, “Come here to where I am standing next to Pharaoh, and try to see things from his viewpoint.”

We can understand this instruction if we make use of a “proof-text” in which God is giving an analogous instruction to another prophet, this time prior to the destruction of the Temple and the Babylonian exile. In Isaiah 6:9-13, God, referring to the Children of Israel, says to Isaiah, in the Jewish Publication Society’s 1917 translation:

God is in effect saying to Isaiah, “Go to the Children of Israel and warn them of the coming destruction, but their hearts will be hardened until:

• The land become utterly waste — this is equivalent to the plague of locusts, as it is said, “they did eat every herb of the land and all the fruit of the trees” (Exodus 10:15).

• And the Lord have removed men far away — this is equivalent to the plague of darkness, as it is said, “they saw not one another” (Exodus 10:23).

• And the forsaken places be many in the midst of the land — this is equivalent to the killing of the firstborn, as it is said, “there was not a house where there was not one dead” (Exodus 12:30).

Applying this equivalence to the opening sentence of this week’s portion, Bo, in our literal translation, we can now understand the sentence to mean that God said to Moses:

And what does all this have to do with us? I can only speak for myself. The year 2002 was a terrible one for all of us who identify with Israel and its people. As the terrorist bombings continued, and the Palestinian fanatics put up posters idolizing death and danced in the streets when Israeli civilians were murdered in buses and markets, and antisemitism gained respectability once more in Europe, I found my heart hardening. I found myself saying, and meaning, that while I had been sympathetic to Palestinian claims for decades, I did not have a shred of sympathy for this intifada or anyone supporting it or connected with it. I believe that Israel’s military responses to the terrorist attacks have been, with almost no exceptions, the minimum necessary. I did not dance in the street when the Israeli military assassinated terrorists, but I certainly did feel the impulse. And this is something to be very wary of, not because we should love our enemies, or turn the other cheek or be sympathetic to the sufferings of ideological and religious fanatics who hate us, but for the much more fundamental reason so vividly portrayed in Exodus in relation to Pharaoh: Hardening of the heart is self-destructive.

David Curzon is the author of five books, including “The View From Jacob’s Ladder: One Hundred Midrashim” and “Modern Poems on the Bible,” both published by the Jewish Publication Society of America.

A message from our CEO & publisher Rachel Fishman Feddersen

I hope you appreciated this article. Before you go, I’d like to ask you to please support the Forward’s award-winning, nonprofit journalism during this critical time.

Now more than ever, American Jews need independent news they can trust, with reporting driven by truth, not ideology. We serve you, not any ideological agenda

At a time when other newsrooms are closing or cutting back, the Forward has removed its paywall and invested additional resources to report on the ground from Israel and around the U.S. on the impact of the war, rising antisemitism and polarized discourse.

Readers like you make it all possible. Support our work by becoming a Forward Member and connect with our journalism and your community.

—  Rachel Fishman Feddersen, Publisher and CEO

Join our mission to tell the Jewish story fully and fairly.

$36 $500

$120 $180 Other amount