The Life and Thought of Hans Jonas: Jewish Dimensions
By Christian Wiese Brandeis University Press, 292 pages, $50.
Like most things German, the philosophy of Hans Jonas is complicated. But its main thrust can be summed up by its leading moral imperative: “Act so that the effects of your action do not destroy the future potential of [human] life on earth.” Jonas, who died in 1993 at the age of 90, demanded that we be responsible for the whole of creation, not just for our fellow humans. He insisted that we be guided by the future, not only those of our children and our children’s children, but of all people and of the world that sustains them. Jonas was therefore one of the more relevant thinkers you have never heard of.
Jonas’s life, as outlined in Christian Wiese’s lucid account, was also interesting because of the considerable personal risks he took in order to honor his commitments. Born to a solidly middle-class assimilated family in Mönchengladbach, Germany, he became a lifelong Zionist and fled to Palestine (by way of England) after the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. When war finally broke out, he insisted on fighting the Nazis face to face, and so he served in the British military for five years. (He rejected a safe position as an intelligence officer in order to put his life on the line in combat.) When he returned to Germany at the end of the war — this time with a victorious army — he found out that his mother had been exterminated at Auschwitz. He then returned to Palestine, where he fought — at 45 — in the War of Independence. After spending most of the 1940s in the military, he left Israel in the early 1950s to teach in Canada and then lived the rest of his life in the United States.
Jonas wrote his major philosophical works here in America. In these books and essays, he developed an ethics of responsibility that he felt would counter the loss of value, the nihilism, that marks the modern world. By drawing on evolutionary biology, Jonas argued that life itself — the inexhaustible drive to live and live on — is the sole possible ground of value. In claiming this, Jonas tried to lay to rest the notion that the mastery of nature is a proper goal for human activity. In short, Jonas provided a far-reaching defense of ecology.
Wiese, who has been able to draw on an array of unpublished letters and manuscripts, has set for himself the task of finding the specifically Jewish roots of Jonas’s thought. And this makes perfect sense. After all, Jonas was a strong Zionist. He formed some of his closest friendships with such outstanding Jewish thinkers as Gershom Scholem, Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt. (As German Jewish intellectuals tend to be a prickly bunch, these friendships were always a little tense.) Jonas frequently resorted to religious concepts, like creation. What’s more, at the end of his life, Jonas took the plunge and wrote overtly theological essays, the most famous of which is “The Concept of God After Auschwitz: A Jewish Voice.”
But Wiese admits that his search for the religious origins of Jonas’s philosophy has been both frustrating as well as fruitful. Like that of many liberal German Jews of the early 20th century, Jonas’s notion of Judaism derived not from the Torah or the Talmud but from the spirit of the prophets. His engagement with the traditions of Jewish thought was therefore both eclectic and haphazard. While Jonas claimed in conversation that he did indeed believe in God, his later essays show that his concept of God was hardly orthodox. Jonas, who would not brook the idea that the Holocaust represented any kind of justice, argued that after Auschwitz, we cannot possibly consider God to be both omnipotent and righteous. As Jonas was unwilling to give up the ideal of divine righteousness, he dispensed with God’s redeeming power and thus God’s ability to act in history.
Jonas refused all dreams of messianic fulfillment. Instead, he embraced the adventure of creation, of a “God who runs a risk.” His is a suffering and caring God, one who will receive back his divinity from “the chance harvest of unforeseeable experience” — that is, from what we make of the world. In this theology it is humanity, not God, that assumes both the blessing and the burden of making things right. History is our problem. Auschwitz marks mankind’s failure, not God’s.
This provocative stuff is the product of a deep and contradictory mind. Wiese ends up telling the story of a man — a secular Zionist — torn between his desire to submit ethics to the sole standard of reason and his desire to employ “a highly charged religious language.” Jonas chose to resolve the traditional opposition between Athens and Jerusalem, between philosophy and religion, by using religious language in his philosophy and philosophical language in his religious works. A beautiful example of this double play comes at the end of Jonas’s essay “The Outcry of Mute Things”:
The latest revelation—from no Mount Sinai, from no Mount of the Sermon, from no Bo (tree of Buddha)—is the outcry of mute things themselves that we must heed by curbing our powers over creation, lest we perish together on a wasteland of what was creation.
Is this secular or religious? It is of course both and therefore neither. Given the passion of his expression and the importance of his message, though, the distinction might not really matter in the end.
David Kaufmann teaches literature at George Mason University.
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I have not only heard of Hans Jonas, I have read him. Have you? Why do you assume that your readers are as ignorant as you seem to be?
Now, now, Shriber, why must you accuse him of ignorance? Why do you assume he is as ignorant as you would like him to be? You must be very proud of yourself.
Oh come on, Bronstein, no flaming. If shriber feels the need to insult Kaufmann for whatever reason, let him have the satisfaction. After all, he is merely bragging that he has read Jonas. He probably has. He probably has even read Jonas's groundbreaking work on Gnosticism in the original German edition and not the shortened, more popular English. Perhaps he keeps the Ethics of Responsibility by his bedside table. There is no reason to denigrate a man as learned as that.
Jonas' mother was murdered at Auschwitz, not "exterminated". It's so disappointing to read that even Jewish writers have adopted the Nazi terminology. In normative discourse, we speak of "murder" when speaking about humans, and we speak of "extermination" when dealing with insects. The Nazi terminology of "extermination" was part of the attempt to de-humanize the Jews, and it's just so sad to read literally everywhere that their terminology has been adopted.
Good point, Yehuda. But I wonder about "murder." I don't think it really does justice to what happened during the Shoah. Murder sounds to me like stabbing a single person in a back alley or shooting someone in a robbery or smothering that person, etc, etc. It doesn't really apply to the sheer scale of what the Nazis did. I t hink that's why even Jewish writers fall into that Nazi terminology--the proper term of course would be genocide but you can't really make a verb out of that one.
Thanks for publishing a piece on this unique thinker. Jonas is also well-known for his anti-gnostic writings. That is, seeing in contemporary trends the traces of previous religious arguments. And he struggled with the inheritance of Heidegger that he and Arendt, among other students, were forced to face.
Hello shriber, You are missing the point. Jonas has not been heard of for a reason. Philosophers who have made a career out of solving the mind-body problem don't want to be told that their life's work is a farce because the problem is a phony problem. Jonas even questions the ethical implications of the slander of the body and our experience of its freedom that is required to maintain the validity of the mind-body problem in the face of common sense. Jonas is proclaiming a modern treason of the intellectuals. The intellectuals will not introduce Jonas into the mainstream until they can put his ideas through the three stages outlined by William James a century ago. First, Jonas's ideas will have to be denied as false. Secondly, it turns out that Jonas is correct but his ideas are trivially true. Thirdly, Jonas has said something incredibly profound but, guess what, we knew it all along. Since you have read Jonas's works as you have stated, please feel free to tell us which stage we have reached in the acceptance of Jonas's ideas?
Hello. I am a graduate student currently studying Hans Jonas at a class at Arizona State University. I find his life and work incredibly fascinating and relevant to today's world. We are all Germans and we are all Jews and Christians and Muslim and... Maybe such apparent foolishness could only be articulated by a German-American, guilty by association, optimistic and hopeful by choice and sincerely grateful to have had been introduced to the writing and thinking of such an honorable man.